December 1, 1999
New York Times
FOREIGN AFFAIRS /
By THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN
Senseless in Seattle
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Is there anything more ridiculous
in the news today then the protests against the World Trade Organization
in Seattle? I doubt it.
These anti-W.T.O. protesters
-- who are a Noah's ark of flat-earth advocates, protectionist
trade unions and yuppies looking for their 1960's fix -- are
protesting against the wrong target with the wrong tools. Here's
why:
What unites the anti-W.T.O.
crowd is their realization that we now live in a world without
walls. The cold-war system we just emerged from was built around
division and walls; the globalization system that we are now
in is built around integration and webs. In this new system,
jobs, cultures, environmental problems and labor standards can
much more easily flow back and forth.
The ridiculous thing about
the protesters is that they find fault with this, and blame the
W.T.O. The W.T.O. is not the cause of this world without walls,
it's the effect. The more countries trade with one another, the
more they need an institution to set the basic rules of trade,
and that is all the W.T.O. does. "Rules are a substitute
for walls -- when you don't have walls you need more rules,"
notes the Council on Foreign Relations expert Michael Mandelbaum.
Because some countries try
to use their own rules to erect new walls against trade, the
W.T.O. adjudicates such cases. For instance, there was the famous
"Flipper vs. GATTzilla" dispute. (The W.T.O. used to
be known as GATT.) America has rules against catching tuna in
nets that might also snare dolphins; other countries don't, and
those other countries took the U.S. before a GATT tribunal and
charged that our insistence on Flipper-free tuna was a trade
barrier. The anti-W.T.O. protesters extrapolate from such narrow
cases that the W.T.O. is going to become a Big Brother and tell
us how to live generally. Nonsense.
What's crazy is that the protesters
want the W.T.O. to become precisely what they accuse it of already
being -- a global government. They want it to set more rules
-- their rules, which would impose our labor and environmental
standards on everyone else. I'm for such higher standards, and
over time the W.T.O. may be a vehicle to enforce them, but it's
not the main vehicle to achieve them. And they are certainly
not going to be achieved by putting up new trade walls.
Every country and company
that has improved its labor, legal and environmental standards
has done so because of more global trade, more integration, more
Internet -- not less. These are the best tools we have for improving
global governance.
Who is one of the top environmental
advisers to DuPont today? Paul Gilding, the former head of Greenpeace!
How could that be? A DuPont official told me that in the old
days, if DuPont wanted to put a chemical factory in a city, it
knew it just had to persuade the local neighbors. "Now we
have six billion neighbors," said the DuPont official --
meaning that DuPont knows that in a world without walls if it
wants to put up a chemical plant in a country, every environmentalist
is watching. And if that factory makes even a tiny spill those
environmentalists will put it on the World Wide Web and soil
DuPont's name from one end of the earth to the other.
I recently visited a Victoria's
Secret garment factory in Sri Lanka that, in terms of conditions,
I would let my own daughters work in. Why does it have such a
high standard? Because anti-sweatshop activists have started
to mobilize enough consumers to impress Victoria's Secret that
if it doesn't get its shop standards up, consumers won't buy
its goods. Sri Lanka is about to pass new copyright laws, which
Sri Lankan software writers have been seeking for years to protect
their own innovations. Why the new law now? Because Microsoft
told Sri Lanka it wouldn't sell its products in a country with
such weak intellectual property laws.
Hey, I want to save Flipper
too. It's a question of how. If the protesters in Seattle stopped
yapping, they would realize that they have been duped by knaves
like Pat Buchanan -- duped into thinking that power lies with
the W.T.O. It doesn't. There's never going to be a global government
to impose the rules the protesters want. But there can be better
global governance -- on the environment, intellectual property
and labor. You achieve that not by adopting 1960's tactics in
a Web-based world -- not by blocking trade, choking globalization
or getting the W.T.O. to put up more walls. That's a fool's errand.
You make a difference today
by using globalization -- by mobilizing the power of trade, the
power of the Internet and the power of consumers to persuade,
or embarrass, global corporations and nations to upgrade their
standards. You change the world when you get the big players
to do the right things for the wrong reasons. But that takes
hard work -- coalition-building with companies and consumers,
and follow-up. It's not as much fun as a circus in Seattle.
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